# No children stated doesn't mean childless
ex:John a ex:Person .
# John might have children we don't know about
# OWL CANNOT conclude John is childless

ex:PersonShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetClass ex:Person ;
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:hasChild ;
        sh:maxCount 0 ;
        sh:message "Person has no children recorded"
    ] .
# SHACL CAN validate that John has no children in the data

@prefix sh: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ex:PersonShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetClass ex:Person ;           # What to validate
    sh:property ex:NamePropertyShape ;   # Property constraints
    sh:property ex:EmailPropertyShape .

ex:NamePropertyShape a sh:PropertyShape ;
    sh:path ex:name ;                    # Property to constrain
    sh:minCount 1 ;                      # At least one
    sh:maxCount 1 ;                      # At most one
    sh:datatype xsd:string ;             # Must be string
    sh:message "Person must have exactly one name" .

ex:PersonShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetClass ex:Person ;
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:name ;
        sh:minCount 1 ;
        sh:datatype xsd:string
    ] ;
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:email ;
        sh:pattern "^[^@]+@[^@]+\\.[^@]+$" ;
        sh:severity sh:Warning
    ] .

# Predicate path (direct property)
sh:path ex:name

# Sequence path (chain of properties)
sh:path (ex:parent ex:name)

# Alternative path
sh:path [sh:alternativePath (rdfs:label skos:prefLabel)]

# Inverse path
sh:path [sh:inversePath ex:parent]

# Zero or more
sh:path [sh:zeroOrMorePath ex:parent]

# One or more
sh:path [sh:oneOrMorePath ex:parent]

# Zero or one
sh:path [sh:zeroOrOnePath ex:middleName]

ex:PersonShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetClass ex:Person .

ex:SpecificShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetNode ex:ImportantResource .

# Subjects of property
ex:AuthorShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetSubjectsOf ex:wrote .

# Objects of property
ex:BookShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetObjectsOf ex:wrote .

# Shape that is also a class
ex:Person a sh:NodeShape, rdfs:Class ;
    sh:property [...] .

sh:Violation  # Critical failure (default)
sh:Warning    # Non-critical alert
sh:Info       # Informational message

ex:EmailShape a sh:PropertyShape ;
    sh:path ex:email ;
    sh:pattern "^[^@]+@[^@]+$" ;
    sh:severity sh:Warning ;
    sh:message "Email format appears invalid" .

@prefix sh: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ex:EmployeeShape a sh:NodeShape ;
    sh:targetClass ex:Employee ;

    # Required employee ID
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:employeeId ;
        sh:name "employeeId" ;
        sh:description "Unique employee identifier" ;
        sh:minCount 1 ;
        sh:maxCount 1 ;
        sh:datatype xsd:string ;
        sh:pattern "^EMP[0-9]{6}$" ;
        sh:severity sh:Violation ;
        sh:message "Employee must have exactly one valid ID (format: EMP######)"
    ] ;

    # Required organization
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:worksFor ;
        sh:name "worksFor" ;
        sh:minCount 1 ;
        sh:class ex:Organization ;
        sh:severity sh:Violation ;
        sh:message "Employee must work for at least one organization"
    ] ;

    # Optional manager (at most one)
    sh:property [
        sh:path ex:hasManager ;
        sh:name "manager" ;
        sh:maxCount 1 ;
        sh:class ex:Employee ;
        sh:severity sh:Warning ;
        sh:message "Employee should have at most one manager"
    ] .