# Python
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name: str, age: int):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def greet(self) -> str:
        return f"Hello, I'm {self.name}"

// Scala
class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
  def greet: String = s"Hello, I'm $name"
}

// Usage
val person = new Person("Alice", 30)  // 'new' required for class

# Python
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Point:
    x: float
    y: float

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class ImmutablePoint:
    x: float
    y: float

// Scala - case class is idiomatic
case class Point(x: Double, y: Double)

// Case classes are immutable by default
// They auto-generate: equals, hashCode, toString, copy, apply

// Usage
val p = Point(1.0, 2.0)  // No 'new' needed for case class
val p2 = p.copy(x = 3.0)  // Creates new instance with x changed

# Python
class Circle:
    def __init__(self, radius: float):
        self._radius = radius

    @property
    def radius(self) -> float:
        return self._radius

    @radius.setter
    def radius(self, value: float):
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError("Radius must be non-negative")
        self._radius = value

    @property
    def area(self) -> float:
        return 3.14159 * self._radius ** 2

// Scala
class Circle(private var _radius: Double) {
  require(_radius >= 0, "Radius must be non-negative")

  def radius: Double = _radius

  def radius_=(value: Double): Unit = {
    require(value >= 0, "Radius must be non-negative")
    _radius = value
  }

  def area: Double = math.Pi * _radius * _radius
}

// Idiomatic Scala: prefer immutable case class
case class Circle(radius: Double) {
  require(radius >= 0, "Radius must be non-negative")
  def area: Double = math.Pi * radius * radius
}

# Python
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name: str):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.name} says woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.name} says meow!"

// Scala
abstract class Animal(val name: String) {
  def speak: String  // Abstract method
}

class Dog(name: String) extends Animal(name) {
  override def speak: String = s"$name says woof!"
}

class Cat(name: String) extends Animal(name) {
  override def speak: String = s"$name says meow!"
}

# Python
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self) -> float:
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def perimeter(self) -> float:
        pass

    def describe(self) -> str:
        return f"Area: {self.area()}, Perimeter: {self.perimeter()}"

// Scala - abstract class
abstract class Shape {
  def area: Double
  def perimeter: Double
  def describe: String = s"Area: $area, Perimeter: $perimeter"
}

// Scala - trait (preferred for interfaces)
trait Shape {
  def area: Double
  def perimeter: Double
  def describe: String = s"Area: $area, Perimeter: $perimeter"
}

// Implementation
case class Rectangle(width: Double, height: Double) extends Shape {
  def area: Double = width * height
  def perimeter: Double = 2 * (width + height)
}

# Python
class Flyable:
    def fly(self) -> str:
        return "Flying!"

class Swimmable:
    def swim(self) -> str:
        return "Swimming!"

class Duck(Animal, Flyable, Swimmable):
    def speak(self) -> str:
        return "Quack!"

// Scala - use traits for mixins
trait Flyable {
  def fly: String = "Flying!"
}

trait Swimmable {
  def swim: String = "Swimming!"
}

class Duck(name: String) extends Animal(name) with Flyable with Swimmable {
  override def speak: String = "Quack!"
}

# Python
class MathUtils:
    PI = 3.14159

    @staticmethod
    def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
        return a + b

    @classmethod
    def from_string(cls, s: str) -> "MathUtils":
        return cls()

// Scala - use companion object
class MathUtils {
  // Instance methods here
}

object MathUtils {
  val PI: Double = 3.14159

  def add(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a + b

  def fromString(s: String): MathUtils = new MathUtils()
}

// Usage
MathUtils.add(1, 2)
MathUtils.PI

# Python
class Shape:
    @staticmethod
    def create(shape_type: str) -> "Shape":
        if shape_type == "circle":
            return Circle()
        elif shape_type == "rectangle":
            return Rectangle()
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown shape: {shape_type}")

// Scala - companion object with apply
sealed trait Shape

case class Circle(radius: Double) extends Shape
case class Rectangle(width: Double, height: Double) extends Shape

object Shape {
  def apply(shapeType: String): Shape = shapeType match {
    case "circle" => Circle(1.0)
    case "rectangle" => Rectangle(1.0, 1.0)
    case other => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"Unknown shape: $other")
  }
}

// Usage
val shape = Shape("circle")

# Python
from enum import Enum, auto

class Color(Enum):
    RED = auto()
    GREEN = auto()
    BLUE = auto()

class Status(Enum):
    PENDING = "pending"
    APPROVED = "approved"
    REJECTED = "rejected"

// Scala 3
enum Color:
  case Red, Green, Blue

enum Status(val value: String):
  case Pending extends Status("pending")
  case Approved extends Status("approved")
  case Rejected extends Status("rejected")

// Scala 2 - sealed trait pattern
sealed trait Color
object Color {
  case object Red extends Color
  case object Green extends Color
  case object Blue extends Color
}

# Python
class Singleton:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

// Scala - object is a singleton
object Singleton {
  def doSomething(): Unit = println("I'm a singleton!")
}

// Usage
Singleton.doSomething()

# Python
class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

// Scala
case class Vector(x: Double, y: Double) {
  def +(other: Vector): Vector = Vector(x + other.x, y + other.y)
  // toString auto-generated by case class
}