// Strategy 1: Comprehensive Logging
// Add detailed logging around suspected code

function processPayment(orderId) {
  const startTime = Date.now();
  console.log(`[${startTime}] Payment start: order=${orderId}`);

  try {
    const result = chargeCard(orderId);
    console.log(`[${Date.now()}] Payment success: ${orderId}`);
    return result;
  } catch (error) {
    const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
    console.error(`[${Date.now()}] Payment FAILED:`, {
      order: orderId,
      error: error.message,
      duration_ms: duration,
      error_type: error.constructor.name,
      stack: error.stack,
    });
    throw error;
  }
}

// Strategy 2: Correlation IDs
// ... (see reference guides for full implementation)