# models.py
from django.db import models

class Article(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
    author = models.ForeignKey(
        "auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="articles"
    )
    published_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, db_index=True)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ["-published_at"]
        indexes = [models.Index(fields=["author", "published_at"])]

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Article

class ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    author_username = serializers.CharField(source="author.username", read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = ["id", "title", "author_username", "published_at"]

    def validate_title(self, value):
        if len(value.strip()) < 3:
            raise serializers.ValidationError("Title must be at least 3 characters.")
        return value.strip()


# views.py
from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions
from .models import Article
from .serializers import ArticleSerializer

class ArticleViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    Uses select_related to avoid N+1 on author lookups.
    IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly: safe methods are public, writes require auth.
    """
    serializer_class = ArticleSerializer
    permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly]

    def get_queryset(self):
        return Article.objects.select_related("author").all()

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        serializer.save(author=self.request.user)

# tests.py
from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
from rest_framework import status
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class ArticleAPITest(APITestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.user = User.objects.create_user("alice", password="pass")

    def test_list_public(self):
        res = self.client.get("/api/articles/")
        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)

    def test_create_requires_auth(self):
        res = self.client.post("/api/articles/", {"title": "Test"})
        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN)

    def test_create_authenticated(self):
        self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)
        res = self.client.post("/api/articles/", {"title": "Hello Django"})
        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)