Dispatching Coding Agents

You can shell out to Claude Code (claude) and Codex (codex) as stateless sub-agents via Bash. They have filesystem and tool access (scope depends on sandbox/approval settings) but zero memory — every session starts from scratch.

Default to run_in_background: true on the Bash call so you can keep working while they run. Check results later with TaskOutput. Don't sit idle waiting for a subagent.

The Core Mental Model

Claude Code and Codex are highly optimized coding agents, but are re-born with each new session. Think of them like a brilliant intern that showed up today. Provide them with the right instructions and context to help them succeed and avoid having to re-learn things that you've learned.

You are the experienced manager with persistent memory of the user's preferences, the codebase, past decisions, and hard-won lessons. Give them context, not a plan. They won't know anything you don't tell them:

• Specific task: Be precise about what you need — not "look into the auth system" but "trace the request flow from the messages endpoint through to the LLM call, cite files and line numbers."
• File paths and architecture: Tell them exactly where to look and how pieces connect. They will wander aimlessly without this.
• Preferences and constraints: Code style, error handling patterns, things the user has corrected you on. Save them from making mistakes you already learned from.
• What you've already tried: If you're dispatching because you're stuck, this prevents them from rediscovering your dead ends.

If a subagent needs clarification or asks a question, respond in the same session (see Session Resumption below) — don't start a new session or you'll lose the conversation context.

When to Dispatch (and When Not To)

Dispatch for:

• Hard debugging — you've been looping on a problem and need fresh eyes
• Second opinions — you want validation before a risky change
• Parallel research — investigate multiple hypotheses simultaneously
• Large-scope investigation — tracing a flow across many files in an unfamiliar area
• Code review — have another agent review your diff or plan

Don't dispatch for:

• Simple file reads, greps, or small edits — faster to do yourself
• Anything that takes less than ~3 minutes of direct work
• Tasks where you already know exactly what to do
• When context transfer would take longer than just doing the task

Choosing an Agent and Model

Different agents have different strengths. Track what works in your memory over time — your own observations are more valuable than these defaults.

Categories

Codex:

• gpt-5.3-codex — Frontier reasoning. Best for the hardest debugging and complex tasks.
  • Strengths: Best reasoning, excellent at debugging, best option for the hardest tasks
  • Weaknesses: Slow with long trajectories, compactions can destroy trajectories
• gpt-5.4 — Latest frontier model. Fast and general-purpose.
  • Strengths: Easier for humans to understand, general-purpose, faster
  • Weaknesses: More likely to make silly errors than gpt-5.3-codex

Claude Code:

• opus — Excellent writer. Best for docs, refactors, open-ended tasks, and vague instructions.
  • Strengths: Excellent writer, understands vague instructions, excellent for coding but also general-purpose
  • Weaknesses: Tends to generate "slop", writing excessive quantities of code unnecessarily. Can hang on large repos.

Cost and speed tradeoffs

• Frontier models (gpt-5.3-codex, Opus) are slower and more expensive — use for tasks that justify it
• Fast models (gpt-5.4) are good for quick checks and simple tasks
• Use --max-budget-usd N (Claude Code) to cap spend on exploratory tasks

Known quirks

• Claude Code can hang on large repos with unrestricted tools — consider --allowedTools "Read Grep Glob" (no Bash) and shorter timeouts for research tasks
• Codex compactions can destroy long trajectories — for very long tasks, prefer multiple shorter sessions over one marathon
• Opus tends to over-generate — produces more code than necessary. Good for exploration, verify before applying.

Prompting Subagents

Prompt template

TASK: [one-sentence summary]

CONTEXT:
- Repo: [path]
- Key files: [list specific files and what they contain]
- Architecture: [brief relevant context]

WHAT TO DO:
[what you need done — be precise, but let them figure out the approach]

CONSTRAINTS:
- [any preferences, patterns to follow, things to avoid]
- [what you've already tried, if dispatching because stuck]

OUTPUT:
[what you want back — a diff, a list of files, a root cause analysis, etc.]

What makes a good prompt

• Be specific about files — "look at src/agent/message.ts lines 40-80" not "look at the message handling code"
• State the output format — "return a bullet list of findings" vs. leaving it open-ended
• Include constraints — if the user prefers certain patterns, say so explicitly
• Provide what you've tried — when dispatching because you're stuck, this prevents them from repeating your dead ends

Dispatch Patterns

Parallel research — multiple perspectives

Run Claude Code and Codex simultaneously on the same question via separate Bash calls in a single message (use run_in_background: true). Compare results for higher confidence.

Background dispatch — keep working while they run

Use run_in_background: true on the Bash call to dispatch async. Continue your own work, then check results with TaskOutput when ready.

Deep investigation — frontier models

For hard problems, use the strongest available models:

codex exec "YOUR PROMPT" -m gpt-5.3-codex --full-auto -C /path/to/repo

Code review — cross-agent validation

Have one agent write code or create a plan, then dispatch another to review:

# Codex has a native review command:
codex review --uncommitted    # Review all local changes
codex exec review "Focus on error handling and edge cases" -m gpt-5.4 --full-auto

# Claude Code — pass the diff inline:
claude -p "Review the following diff for correctness, edge cases, and missed error handling:\n\n$(git diff)" \
  --model opus --dangerously-skip-permissions

Get outside feedback on your work

Write your plan or analysis to a file, then ask a subagent to critique it:

claude -p "Read /tmp/my-plan.md and critique it. What am I missing? What could go wrong?" \
  --model opus --dangerously-skip-permissions -C /path/to/repo

Handling Failures

• Timeout: If an agent times out (especially Claude Code on large repos), try: (1) a shorter, more focused prompt, (2) restricting tools with --allowedTools, (3) switching to Codex which handles large repos better
• Garbage output: If results are incoherent, the prompt was probably too vague. Rewrite with more specific file paths and clearer instructions.
• Session errors: Claude Code can hit "stale approval from interrupted session" — --dangerously-skip-permissions prevents this. If Codex errors, start a fresh exec session.
• Compaction mid-task: If a Codex session runs long enough to compact, it may lose earlier context. Break long tasks into smaller sequential sessions.

CLI Reference

Claude Code

claude -p "YOUR PROMPT" --model MODEL --dangerously-skip-permissions

Codex

codex exec "YOUR PROMPT" -m gpt-5.3-codex --full-auto

Session Management

Both CLIs persist full session data (tool calls, reasoning, files read) to disk. The Bash output you see is just the final summary — the local session file is much richer.

Session storage paths

Claude Code: ~/.claude/projects/<encoded-path>/<session-id>.jsonl

• <encoded-path> = working directory with / replaced by - (e.g. /Users/foo/repos/bar becomes -Users-foo-repos-bar)
• Use --output-format json to get the session_id in the response

Codex: ~/.codex/sessions/<year>/<month>/<day>/rollout-*-<session-id>.jsonl

• Session ID is printed in output header: session id: <uuid>
• Extract with: grep "^session id:" output | awk '{print $3}'

Resuming sessions

Use session resumption to continue a line of investigation without re-providing all context:

Claude Code:

claude -r SESSION_ID -p "Follow up: now check if..."    # Resume by ID
claude -c -p "Also check..."                             # Continue most recent
claude -r SESSION_ID --fork-session -p "Try differently" # Fork (new ID, keeps history)

Codex:

codex exec resume SESSION_ID "Follow up prompt"  # Resume by ID (non-interactive)
codex exec resume --last "Follow up prompt"      # Resume most recent (non-interactive)
codex resume SESSION_ID "Follow up prompt"       # Resume by ID (interactive)
codex resume --last "Follow up prompt"           # Resume most recent (interactive)
codex fork SESSION_ID "Try a different approach" # Fork session (interactive)

Note: codex exec resume works non-interactively. codex resume and codex fork are interactive only.

When to analyze past sessions

Don't run history-analyzer after every dispatch — your reflection agent already captures insights naturally, and single-session analysis produces overly detailed notes.

Do use history-analyzer for bulk migration when bootstrapping memory from months of accumulated history (e.g. during /init). See the migrating-from-codex-and-claude-code skill.

Direct uses for session files:

• Resume an investigation (see above)
• Review what an agent actually did (read the JSONL file directly)
• Bulk migration when setting up a new agent

Timeouts

Set Bash timeouts appropriate to the task:

• Quick checks / reviews: timeout: 120000 (2 min)
• Research / analysis: timeout: 300000 (5 min)
• Implementation: timeout: 600000 (10 min)