Aggregating Event Datasets

Event datasets (logs) can be aggregated to create summaries and statistics. This skill teaches you how to use statsby to aggregate log data into meaningful insights using OPAL.

When to Use This Skill

• Counting occurrences (error count by namespace, log volume by pod)
• Calculating statistics (average, sum, percentiles) across events
• Grouping events by dimensions (namespace, pod, container, service)
• Finding top N results by a metric (top 10 error sources, busiest pods)
• Creating summary reports across entire time range

Note: This skill covers statsby which returns one summary row per group across the entire time range. For time-series trends (multiple rows per group over time), see the time-series-analysis skill.

Prerequisites

• Access to Observe tenant via MCP
• Understanding of event datasets (see filtering-event-datasets skill)
• Dataset with log interface (or any Event dataset)

Key Concepts

statsby - Statistical Aggregation

statsby is the primary aggregation verb for event datasets. It:

• Groups events by specified dimensions
• Applies aggregation functions (count, sum, avg, etc.)
• Returns one row per group across the entire query time range

Syntax:

statsby aggregation_function(), group_by(dimension1, dimension2, ...)

Common Aggregation Functions

• count() - Count number of events
• sum(field) - Sum values of a field
• avg(field) - Average value of a field
• min(field) - Minimum value
• max(field) - Maximum value
• percentile(field, p) - Percentile (e.g., p=0.95 for 95th percentile)
• any_not_null(field) - Any non-null value from the group

topk vs sort/limit

• topk N, max(metric) - Get top N results by a specific metric (semantically correct for "top performers")
• sort desc(metric) | limit N - Alternative but less clear intent
• Use topk for aggregated results - it's more explicit about intent

Discovery Workflow

Start with dataset discovery (same as filtering-event-datasets):

Step 1: Find dataset

discover_context("kubernetes logs")

Step 2: Get schema

discover_context(dataset_id="YOUR_DATASET_ID")

Note fields you'll use for:

• Filtering (before aggregation)
• Grouping (dimensions to aggregate by)
• Calculating (fields to sum, average, etc.)

Basic Patterns

Pattern 1: Simple Count

Use case: Count total events

statsby count()

Explanation: Counts all events in the time range. Returns single row with total count.

Output:

count
5831

Pattern 2: Count by Dimension

Use case: Count events grouped by a field (e.g., namespace)

make_col namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name")
| statsby count(), group_by(namespace)
| topk 10, max(count)

Explanation:

1. make_col creates a derived column namespace from nested field
2. statsby counts events, grouped by namespace
3. topk returns top 10 namespaces by count

Output:

namespace,count,_c_rank
default,5805,1
kube-system,648,2
observe,64,3

Pattern 3: Count with Filtering

Use case: Count errors per namespace

filter contains(body, "error")
| make_col namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name")
| statsby error_count:count(), group_by(namespace)
| topk 10, max(error_count)

Explanation: Filters for errors first, then counts by namespace. Notice we name the count error_count for clarity.

Pattern 4: Multiple Dimensions

Use case: Count by namespace AND pod

make_col
    namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name"),
    pod:pod
| statsby count(), group_by(namespace, pod)
| topk 20, max(count)

Explanation: Groups by multiple dimensions. Each unique (namespace, pod) combination gets one row.

Pattern 5: Multiple Aggregations

Use case: Calculate multiple statistics in one query

filter stream = "stderr"
| make_col namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name")
| statsby
    stderr_count:count(),
    group_by(namespace)
| topk 10, max(stderr_count)

Explanation: You can calculate multiple aggregations in a single statsby call.

Complete Example

End-to-end workflow for analyzing errors across your infrastructure.

Scenario: Find which services, namespaces, and pods are producing the most errors in the last 24 hours.

Step 1: Discovery

discover_context("kubernetes logs")

Found: Dataset "Kubernetes Explorer/Kubernetes Logs" (ID: 42161740)

Step 2: Build query

filter contains(body, "error") or contains(body, "ERROR")
| make_col
    namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name"),
    pod:pod,
    container:container
| statsby error_count:count(), group_by(namespace, pod, container)
| topk 20, max(error_count)

Step 3: Execute

execute_opal_query(
    query="[query above]",
    primary_dataset_id="42161740",
    time_range="24h"
)

Step 4: Interpret results

namespace,pod,container,error_count,_c_rank
kube-system,calico-node-74d4r,calico-node,33,1
kube-system,calico-node-hhvbf,calico-node,31,2
kube-system,calico-node-ghk2s,calico-node,31,3
kube-system,calico-kube-controllers-759cd8b574-fzr49,calico-kube-controllers,31,4

Analysis:

• Most errors are in kube-system namespace
• calico-node pods are the primary error source
• All errors are from the same container (calico-node)
• Total of 126 errors across top 4 sources in 24h

Next steps: Investigate the specific calico-node errors to understand the root cause.

Advanced Patterns

Pattern 6: Conditional Aggregation

Use case: Count errors vs total, calculate error rate

make_col
    namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name"),
    is_error:if(contains(body, "error"), 1, 0)
| statsby
    total:count(),
    error_count:sum(is_error),
    group_by(namespace)
| make_col error_rate:float64(error_count)/float64(total)
| topk 10, max(error_rate)

Explanation:

1. Create boolean flag is_error (1 or 0)
2. Count total events and sum error flags
3. Calculate error rate as derived column
4. Show top 10 by error rate

Note: OPAL doesn't have count_if(), so use if() + sum() pattern.

Pattern 7: Type Conversions

Use case: Safely handle type conversions for nested fields

make_col
    namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name"),
    pod:string(pod),
    container:string(container)
| statsby count(), group_by(namespace, pod, container)
| topk 20, max(count)

Explanation: Wrap fields in string(), int64(), float64() for type safety, especially with nested fields.

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall 1: Forgetting make_col Before statsby

❌ Wrong:

statsby count(), group_by(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name")
# Error: Can't group by nested field directly

✅ Correct:

make_col namespace:string(resource_attributes."k8s.namespace.name")
| statsby count(), group_by(namespace)

Why: statsby group_by needs simple column names. Use make_col to extract nested fields first.

Pitfall 2: Using align Instead of statsby

❌ Wrong:

align options(bins: 1), count:count()
aggregate total:sum(count)
# align is for METRICS only!

✅ Correct:

statsby count()
# statsby is for EVENTS

Why: align is only for metric datasets. Events use statsby for aggregation.

Pitfall 3: Using limit Instead of topk After Aggregation

❌ Wrong (less clear):

statsby error_count:count(), group_by(namespace)
| sort desc(error_count)
| limit 10

✅ Correct:

statsby error_count:count(), group_by(namespace)
| topk 10, max(error_count)

Why: topk explicitly states "top N by this metric" - clearer intent than arbitrary limit.

Pitfall 4: Confusing statsby with timechart

❌ Wrong (if you want summary):

timechart 1h, count(), group_by(namespace)
# Returns multiple rows per namespace (time-series)

✅ Correct (for summary):

statsby count(), group_by(namespace)
# Returns one row per namespace (total)

Why:

• statsby = Single summary across time range
• timechart = Time-series with multiple rows per group

Tips and Best Practices

• Name your aggregations: Use descriptive names like error_count:count() instead of just count()
• Filter before aggregating: Apply filters before statsby for better performance
• Use topk for top N: More explicit than sort/limit
• Type conversion: Wrap nested fields in string() for safety
• Test with limit first: When developing, filter to small dataset before aggregating
• Small time ranges: Start with 1h or 24h, expand once query is working

Aggregation Function Reference

Counting:

• count() - Count all events in group

Numeric:

• sum(field) - Sum values
• avg(field) - Average
• min(field) - Minimum
• max(field) - Maximum
• percentile(field, p) - Percentile (0.0 to 1.0)

String/Any:

• any_not_null(field) - Any non-null value from group

Additional Resources

For more details, see:

• RESEARCH.md - Tested patterns and findings
• OPAL Documentation - Official OPAL docs

Related Skills

• [filtering-event-datasets] - For filtering events before aggregation
• [time-series-analysis] - For time-series trends with timechart
• [working-with-nested-fields] - Deep dive on nested field access

Last Updated: November 14, 2025 Version: 1.0 Tested With: Observe OPAL v2.x